Humanist Discussion Group, Vol. 17, No. 768.
Centre for Computing in the Humanities, King's College London
www.kcl.ac.uk/humanities/cch/humanist/
www.princeton.edu/humanist/
Submit to: humanist@princeton.edu
[1] From: Alexandre Enkerli <aenkerli@indiana.edu> (22)
Subject: Broad History of HC?
[2] From: Willard McCarty <willard.mccarty@kcl.ac.uk> (92)
Subject: anecdotal contributions to a history
[3] From: Michael Hart <hart@beryl.ils.unc.edu> (9)
Subject: Re: 17.764 a brief history of humanities computing
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Date: Mon, 05 Apr 2004 07:06:47 +0100
From: Alexandre Enkerli <aenkerli@indiana.edu>
Subject: Broad History of HC?
Joe Raben's fascinating first-person account of the development of
Humanities Computing reveals interesting trends and provides some of us
(especially junior scholars like myself), with much needed insight into the
field's historiography. To oversimplify, the pattern seems to have gone
from biblical studies to machine-readable texts made in order to do
concordances which in turn were incorporated into broader database designs.
But for those of us who weren't in touch with these developments, it's
rather difficult to put these things in context. Several questions come to
mind. Wasn't there anything done with computers in the Humanities without
textual content? Was literature the only field benefitting from computer
use? What were the deeper roots of HC? What happened between 1970 and 1993,
when the Internet really exploded through the Web? How did computer
scientists in general became interested in Humanities (if they ever did)?
What were the first humanistic projects using computing itself as their
main research topic?
These may all sound exceedingly naive but a thorough understanding of the
field's development may not be as common as one would wish.
Thank you in advance for your help.
Alexandre Enkerli
Ph.D. Candidate
Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology
Indiana University
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Date: Mon, 05 Apr 2004 08:41:13 +0100
From: Willard McCarty <willard.mccarty@kcl.ac.uk>
Subject: anecdotal contributions to a history
The computer scientist R. W. Hamming, writing about what mattered to him in
the history of computing, entitled an article, "We Would Know What They
Thought When They Did It", in A History of Computing in the Twentieth
Century: A Collection of Essays, ed. N. Metropolis and J. Howlett (New
York: Academic Press, 1980), pp. 3-18. Looking at what passes for a history
of computing he notes the radical inadequacy of what we still tend to get,
namely a history of firsts, then asks about its next stage, an intellectual
history: what sort of history of ideas do we want? "We wish to learn how to
do great things ourselves rather than merely to recall what others have
done.... We want to grasp the idea of creation itself, so that we can learn
to create for ourselves." Hence his title, and the question that motivates
the sort of history we also need: what were people thinking they were doing
back then? What were they after -- not in our terms but in theirs?
Much of what I noticed, especially from the late 1970s on, was a mixture of
pragmatics, late-blooming positivism and something else, which I'll call
discovery.
First the pragmatics. Humanists, as Northrop Frye remarked somewhere, have
as a social group always been rather good at mastering whatever helpful
technology offered itself; they could see the advantages. So could the
people I worked with as a graduate student at Toronto. Production of
editorial objects, such as editions, was to many at that end of things
obviously to be helped. Partly this was driven by financial necessity --
achieving a goal that would not be funded or would cost too much -- partly
as I recall by the desire to control a complex, error-prone process, to get
this process into one's own hands, do things folks at the press might not
understand or get right -- and be able to feel one's way along. Computing
obviously benefitted the craft of editing and encouraged its inventive
side. It brought to the surface those who were inclined to get their ideas
from masses of data and those who were committed to providing reference
works, such as concordances, dictionaries and prosopographies, and so had
to manage masses. My own first efforts (apart from wordprocessing) were to
manage bibliographic resources with a database program simply so that I
could find what I had laborously recorded. My numerous dusty boxes of 3X5
cards had turned into a graveyard for notes. But almost the first thing I
then undertook was to do research that involved a massive amount of
correlation -- putting together a synoptic account of the story of Theseus.
Exactly when controlling the situation I was in became enlarging what I
could do I cannot say, but I suspect there was a large overlap.
So, I conclude, computing clearly had immediate appeal to those for whom
the humanities have always meant direct, immediate encounter with cultural
artifacts, for whom the motto could be (with apologies to William Carlos
Williams), "no ideas but from data".
Now for the positivism. Coming to the humanities from the sciences, as I
did, and having spent years as a programmer in a physics research lab
(various assembler languages, Fortran), I was rather sensitive to the false
hopes of charmed humanists and to how the projected image of computing drew
forth all sorts of rather strange attitudes toward the cultural artifacts
of study. Crudely, I summarize this as, "At last we'll be able to prove X"
(where X is a product of the imagination, such as an historical conjecture
or literary-critical theory. I defer to David Lodge's Morris Zapp for
further expression of this attitude). In addition, those of us born
gadgeteers were prone to be dazzled by the machinery, which as Peter
Galison says, is very romantic. I recall, for example, encountering the
Xerox Star for the first time, and it was love at first sight, from which
fortunately I awakened. (The design was impressive to be sure; what dealing
with the company entailed was unmittigated disaster, unless you were a
computer science department with a great deal of money, programming talent
and pull.)
Related to the positivism and supporting it was as usual the promotional
rhetoric of computing, marketed chiefly as "productivity" tools. But on the
ground the discrepancy between the promise and the reality was great. The
journalist Jerry Pournelle called it the "Real Soon Now" syndrome. (To see
what's happened to Jerry, go to http://www.jerrypournelle.com/ -- where he
blogs!) The only sane way to cope, it seemed to me, was to blow the whistle
on all that and ask about consequences: supposing the continual failure of
computing to deliver what we wanted were due to something intrinsic, what
would that be? The essence of an answer had been around for a long time,
on the logico-mathematical side of computing, but perhaps not in a
recognizable form. In any case, my point is that the frustrations were
worth paying attention to, not just the gains in data-management.
All this became real and immediate for me at the point at which, in a
research project I was directing, I realized that the questions being
raised of my source material (Ovid's Metamorphoses) by the attempt to
computerize it for conventional purposes were far more interesting than the
conventional questions I began by asking. These new questions came
precisely from the cases that wouldn't fit whatever scheme I imposed -- and
Ovid being Ovid, the elusiveness was clearly the whole point. So I
abandoned the original purpose of the project (to support a conventional
literary study) and joined the person I had employed to help me in asking
the questions he was having to face. (I should note that he was a
classicist but had more programming and editorial talent than I did.) That
is when humanities computing as a research subject fully emerged for me.
Allow me to put it to you that examining such moments in detail would turn
out to be a profoundly interesting and important exercise in writing history.
Comments?
Yours,
WM
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Dr Willard McCarty | Senior Lecturer | Centre for Computing in the
Humanities | King's College London | Strand | London WC2R 2LS || +44 (0)20
7848-2784 fax: -2980 || willard.mccarty@kcl.ac.uk
www.kcl.ac.uk/humanities/cch/wlm/
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Date: Mon, 05 Apr 2004 08:41:47 +0100
From: Michael Hart <hart@beryl.ils.unc.edu>
Subject: Re: 17.764 a brief history of humanities computing
My apologies, if I had downloaded from the latest version of the
Project Gutenberg graph this morning, I would have included:
We should also add that the quality of the Project Gutenberg eBooks has been
increasing over the same period, in terms of initial accuracy, format options
and continuous error correction. In addition, Project Gutenberg now provides
eBooks in 30 languages, with Project Gutenberg of Europe targeting over 50,
and Project Gutenberg II offering 104 languages.
And would reflect a correction of the typo on the last line.
Michael
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